1. Separate. 2. Combined.

1. He comes in. You must all stand up.
2. When he comes in, you must all stand up.

1. I called on you. You were out.
2.When I called on you, you were out.

1. You shall not come. You behave well.
2. You shall not come unless you behave well.

1. Don’t open the door. I tell you.
2. Don’t open the door unless I tell you.

2.Since you are disobedient you will have to go without butter on your bread.

1. Separate. 2. Combined.

1. He is English. I am Scotch.
2. He is English, but I am Scotch.

1. I tried many times to solve cross-word puzzles. I never won a prize.
2. I tried many times to solve cross-word puzzles, but I never won a prize.

1. Urdu contains much Arabic. Hindi contains much Sanskrit.
2. Urdu contains much Arabic but Hindi much Sanskrit.

  
What is the difference between these two ways (325 - 326) of telling the same story? In this second way (326) there are only five full stops. You do not feel that you are being pulled up. And there are certain small words in the second piece which are not in the first (325). They are in bold in the second piece. Such small words as these serve to join short sentences into longer ones. There are various ways of combining sentences, and they must be carefully studied. It would be very good practice if every day you were to read a page of good English, just to find out the ways of combining sentences. First let us take the ways of doing so by the addition of simple conjunctions, adverbs and pronouns.

Notice that in some cases sentences are abbreviated when combined.

Look at this little story:

The Emperor Frederick the Great was thirsty. He sent for a cup of chocolate. The cup of chocolate was brought. He was just going to drink it. Suddenly he remembered something. He had left an important paper' in the next room. He went there and fetched it. He returned. He found a large spider in the cup of chocolate. It had fallen from the ceiling into the cup. He called his servant. He told the servant to bring another cup. That was fortunate. Some enemy had put poison into the cup of chocolate. If he had drunk it he would have died. The spider had saved his life.

If you read this you will feel that there is something wrong. You have to stop after every, few words. You are pulled up sixteen Limes in those few lines. You feel that something is missing.

(Synthesis)

Any composition, whether it is a letter, a story or a whole book, is built up of sentences. These sentences are of very different length. They may be of one word only, as when we ask: What? or Where? or any similar question which is really a contracted sentence.

What? generally means what did you say?
Where? may mean Where is it? or Where did it happen?

Sentences may be of two or three or four words, as:—

He smokes.
I like mangoes.
They are at school.

And they may be so long that you have to read them several times before you understand them. In all good writing you have a mixture of short and long sentences. We do not often find a long piece of prose written in only short sentences.

03. The sailor, as soon as he understood what Oliver meant to ask him, gave this reply.

No.

1.

2.

3.

Clause.

1. 3. The sailor gave this reply.

2. as soon as he understood ...

3. what Oliver meant to ask him.

Kind of Clause.

1. Principal Clause.

2. Adverb Clause (time) to ‘gave’ in 1.

3. Noun Clause Object of ‘understood’ in 2.

Connective.

No Connective.

Subject.

1. the sailor.

2. he

3. Oliver.

Verb.

1. gave.

2. understood.

3. meant.

Object.

1. this reply.

2. Clause 3.

3. to ask him what.

Complement.

No Complements.

Extension.

1. –––

2. as soon as (time).

3. –––

Remarks:– The whole is a Complex Sentence.

No.
1.
2.
3.

Clause.
1. There was a small book-case in a recess at the furthest end of the room.
2. and upon a little table there were some books.
3. which Isabella and Matilda had be6n reading with Madame Rosier.

Kind of Clause.
1. Principal Clause.
2. Principal Clause, Coordinate to 1.
3. Adjective Clause qualifying ‘books’ in 2.

Connective.
1. –––
2. and.
3. which.

Subject.
1. a small books-case.
2. some books.
3. Isabella and Matilda.

Verb.
1. was.
2. were.
3. had been reading.

Object.
1. –––
2. –––
3. which.

Complement.
1. there.
2. there.
3. –––

Extension.
1. in a recess at the furthest end of the room (place).
2. upon a little table (place).
3. with Madame Rosier (manner).

Remarks:– The whole is a Compound Sentence.

01. On this point Sir John could give more certain information and he told them that Mr. Willoughby had no property of his own in the country.

No.
1.
2.
3.

Clause.
1. On this point Sir John could give more certain information.
2. and he told them that Mr. Willoughby had no property of his own in the country.
3. that Mr. Willoughby had no property of his own in the country.

Kind of Clause.
1. Principal Clause.
2. Principal Clause, Coordinate to 1.
3. Noun Clause Object of ‘told’ in 2.

Connective.
1. –––
2. and.
3. that.

Subject.
1. Sir John.
2. he
3. Mr. Willoughby.

Adjuncts.
No Adjuncts.

Verb.
1. could give.
2. told.
3. had.

Object.
1. information.
2. them (indirect); Clause 3. (indirect).
3. property.

Adjuncts.
1. more certain.
2. –––
3. no; of his own.

Complement.
No Complements.

Extension.
1. on this point (place).
2. –––
3. in the country (place).

Remarks:– The whole is a Compound Sentence.

7. To bed, all of you, or no one will be up in time for the train.

8. Watson felt a tug at his sleeve, and caught sight of Marsh’s anxious face turned towards him.

9. Many rivers have their rise in the Himalayas, and bring down incalculable quantities of fertilizing matter, and water thousands of square miles of thirsty ground.

10. Frosts and fires are unknown in Bengal, and the continually warm moist atmosphere has a tiring effect on those long exposed to it.

11. On bright days a pair of glare-glasses will be an additional comfort, and save you many a headache.

12. At the present time there are 200,000 miles of road in Sri Lanka, and about a quarter of this is metalled and fit for motor cars.

13. Travellers usually pay a small fee of a rupee a night for the use of the bungalow, and inscribe their names and remarks in a visitors’ book kept for the purpose.

14. Delhi is still one of the best places in North India for seeing the marvellous skill displayed in the carving of ivory, and a visit to the workshops is indeed a treat.

15. Guru Nanak was a philosopher with a deeply religious spirit, and he had the idea of drawing all men together into one fold.

16. As long as it was dry we climbed up the steep hill-sides and on their level tops we ran races in the sharp wind.

17. I turned towards the long, narrow windows, and there, sure enough, I saw a little girl, crying, and beating against the window-panes.

18. All at once the door gave way with a thundering crash, and there came into that mysterious light the figure of a tall, old man, with grey hair and gleaming eyes.

19. We saluted each other in the usual way, and he knelt down before me.

20. His sleeves were rolled over his fat forearms, and the two flaps of his unbuttoned vest dangled in the breeze.

21. The Captain took a pinch of snuff out of a fine gold box, and dusted his fingers with a silk handkerchief in a very genteel fashion.

22. Alas! they had been friends in youth;
But whispering tongues can poison truth;
And constancy lives in realms above;
And life is thorny, and youth is vain,
And to be wroth with one we love
Doth work like madness in the brain.

23. Show me the scientific man who never made a mistake, and I will show you one who never made a discovery.

In analysing these sentences follow the rules given for analysis of the Simple Sentence.

Subject
1. (a) He
(b) He

2. (a) He
(b) He

No Adjuncts to the Subject

Predicate
1. (a) settled
(b) began

2. (a) had
(b) grew

Object
1. (a) –––
(b) to think

2. (a) farm
(b) fruit and vegetables

Adjuncts to Object
1. (a) –––
(b) –––

2. (a) a very large
(b) many kinds of

No Complement

Extension
1. (a) back in the easy chair before the fire
(b) –––

2. (a) –––
(b) on it

Connective (Conjunction)
1. (a) –––
(b) and

2. (a) –––
(b) and

Analyse the following Complex Sentences.

1. I have not been to Nasik since we met there in

2. As long as you arc a student you must submit to school discipline.

3. Wherever there are potatoes the rats will try to get at them.

4. He was afraid that he would miss the train.

5. She is always complaining that her sight is weak.

6. It is not fair that you should be so unkind to your little brother.

7. Since you have insisted on my presiding, I can only do my best.

8. That was the time when there were no aeroplanes.

9. This is one of the really good books that have been published in the twentieth century.

10. Don’t lend him your watch, lest it gets lost.

11. Now you have graduated, the next thing is to find a congenial post.

12. We know very well in our hearts that pluck and courage are the great virtues, and that cowardice is the fundamental sin.

13. I remember the time when I used to come in hungry and kneel down beside my mother with my head in her lap, crying because I had not got her anything to eat, as we had no money in the house to buy anything with.

14. Winston Churchill has told us that the speech that gained him his greatest reputation as an impromptu speaker was one written out six times with his own hand.

15. Prof. A. M. Low, that brilliant young inventor, once said to me that in a few hundred years an umbrella will seem as absurd to our descendants as witch-burning seems today.

16. One of the elephants had evidently got wind of me, for it came crashing’ forward to the very tree up which I was.

17. On the few occasions when my brother loft the farm, with its two thousand head of cattle and fourteen thousand sheep, I undertook to superintend the work.

18. Often towards evening I would stroll across to a high flat rock a few hundred yards from my cottage to look at that wonderful range of hills, more than twice the height of any that could be found in my own country.

19. After I had finished eating I went to a small spring near by, to drink and bathe my hair and beard in its coolness.

20. From the sciences of the earth man has profited enormously, for they have led him to stores of coal and iron and other buried treasures.

21. For a while I accompanied him on his way, for I had a keen desire to hear him say something more in that pleasant, powerful voice of his; but though he stepped past the gravestones with strides as careful and regular as those of a soldier on parade, he failed again to break silence.

22. Never conceal things, since every life ought to be set in the light, and can be, for every man is a workman for the world at large.

# "One of two or more clauses of equal status in a sentence, especially when joined by a coordinating conjunction, as either The sun came out | or | The ice started to melt, in:

The sun came out and the ice started to melt."

# "A clause in a complex sentence that is grammatically equivalent to the main clause and that performs the same grammatical function."