A: (= in, on) About, abroad, afresh, aground, alive,

along, asleep, away. (Above has two prefixes, a

and b = by.)

A: (= away, from, and intensive) Arise, awake.

After: Afternoon, afterwards, afterthought.

Be: (various meaning’s, especially about, by) Before, below, between, besiege, believe, beloved, bemoan, betray, befriend, besmear.

By: Bypath, bystander, bygone.

Down: Downcast, downhill, downpour.

For: Forbid, forget, forgive.

Forth: Forthcoming, forthwith.

In: Income, inland, instead.

Mis: Mislead, mistake, misunderstand.

N: Naught\ neither, never, none, nor.

On: Oncoming, ongoing, onlooker, onset.

Out: Outbreak, outcast, outlet, outright.

Over: Overcome, overflow, overhead, overtake.

To: Today, together, tomorrow, toward.

Un: Unpack, undone, unable, unkind, unwilling, untruth, unloose, unpin, untwist, unwell.

Under: Undergo, underground, understand, undertake, underestimate, undervalue.

Up: upright, upset, upstairs, upholster.

With: Withdraw, withhold, withstand.

Secondary Derivatives are those in which some addition has been made to a word, before it or after. An addition at the beginning of a word is called a Prefix — as Overtake, Nonsense. ...

An addition at the end of a word is called a Suffix — as Upward, Tigress. ...

Name any words cognate with or derived from the following. Put C for cognate and D for derived.

An.

Inch.

Lie.

Pause.

Mice.

Live.

Gold.

Soak.

Bath.

Ripe.

Seem.

Stretch.

Bite.

Fight.

In the following lists we do know which part of speech is found first in English.

1. One form of Noun from another.

Feet (from foot).
Men (from man).
Gas (from chaos).
Mice (from mouse).
Geese (from goose).
Shame (from sham).
… …. ...

2. One form of Verb from another.

Bore (from bear).
Came (from come).
Chose (from choose).
Fought (from fight).
Led (from lead).
Saw (from see).
Slew (from slay).
Strung (from string).
Taught (from leach).
… …. ...

3. Noun from Verb.

Bait and bit (from bite).
Drove (from drive).
Loss (from lose).
Share (from shear).
… …. ...

4. Verb from Noun.

Bathe (from bath).
Feed (from food).
Breathe (from breath).
Gild (from gold). Halve (from half).
Clothe (from cloth).
Ink (from ink).
Post (from post).
… …. ...

5. Adjective from Verb.

Cut-away.
A cut-away coat.

Knock-down.
A knock-down price.

Put-up.
A put-up (= planned in bad sense) affair.

Brought-up.
A well brought-up boy.
… …. ...

Straight (from stretch).
… …. ...

6. Verb from Adjective.

Hinder (from hind).
Lunge (from long).
Loathe (from loath or loth).
Warm (from warm).
Wet (from wet).
… …. ...

Some different words are from the same origin, such as:

An and One.

Bilge and Bulge.

Black and Bleak.

Inch and Ounce.

Card and Chart.

Mode and Mood.

Peck and Pick.

Pause and Pose.

… …. ...

Some Cognate Words.
And	End
Fleet	Float
Same	Seem
Breed	Brood
Fresh	Frisk
Sell	Sale
Chill	Cool
Gap	Gape
Sheet	Shoot
Chip	Chop
Great	Groat
Sit	Seat
Choice	Choose
Grave	Groove
Snake	Sneak
Grass	Green
Grin	Groan
Sniff	Snuff
Grope	Group
Heal	Whole
Soak	Suck
Deal	Dole
Heat	Hot
Steep	Stoop
Deep	Dip
Lead	Load
String	Strong
Edge	Egg (on)
Leave	Live
Sweep	Swoop
Fact	Feat
Lie	Low
Tell	Tale
Fail	Fall
Range	Rank
Think	Thank
Farm	Firm
Reap	Ripe
Twain	Twin
Fill	Full
Ride	Road
Wince	Wink

# We may class words as Primary and Derived. Primary words are generally of one syllable:

Boy; care; end; hand; long; see; train; wit …

Derived words are such as:

Boyish; careful; ending; handsome; along; sight; trainer; witty …

# When two Primary words or a Primary and a Derived word are united to make a new word, the result is called a Compound word:

Beehive; clean-shaven; outside; forget-me-not; walking-stick; sandal-wood ...

# Derived words (or Derivatives) can be divided into Primary and Secondary.

Primary Derivatives are those which have been made by some change inside an Original Word: Bleed from blood; feet from foot; spoke from speak; struck and stroke from strike ...

# Original words are very old, and so it is often difficult to say which of two similar words came first. In such cases we call the words Cognate or Related.

# Low and lie are cognate, so are let and late, and band and bind and bond, and very many others. But we do not always know which is the older.

Write out the following passages with correct Punctuation, putting Capitals where necessary.

Ex. I have been in this room a long time he said’ looking for the book you told me about.

Ex. Now said the other girl that is the way you have to go and you must be quick.

Ex. Who are you he cried starting up and what are you doing here how dare you talk to me in that way was the answer.

Ex. An old man with a long white beard came into the room do you know who I am he asked looking at arthur no sir arthur answered i am the old year the old’ man said and I have come to say goodbye to you.

Ex. Why are things so disagreeable she said at last I wish I knew of somebody who could make things go better you will never find such a person as long as you sit and feel sorry for yourself said a voice who are you said margaret.

Ex. Mary said mother as she sat down to tea how often have I told you not to throw your coat and hat down here oh I forgot said mary as she helped herself to bread and butter.

Ex. One game we played at the party said gerald was quite new what was that asked father looking up from his paper it was called playing the fool surely it wasn’t new to either of you said father gravely both the boys laughed.

Ex. The giants were frightened did you sleep well they asked him yes thank you replied the tailor I never slept better did nothing disturb you all the night asked' the giants yes he said I did feel something but it was only a moth flying against the bedclothes.

Ex. Please would you tell me said alice a little timidly why your cat grins like that it's a cheshire cat said the duchess and that’s why I didn’t know that cheshire cats always grinned in fact i didn’t know that cats could grin they all can said the duchess and most of them do.

Ex. There was once a boy whose father said to him you must go to the village early tomorrow morning having heard this without asking his father what he was to do the boy went off to the village and returned in the evening tired out he said to his father father I have been to the village yes but you went without asking me what you had to do answered his father.

Capital Letters are used in the following cases.

1. When beginning a sentence or a line of poetry.
Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control, these three alone lead to sovereign power.

2. For the names and titles of deity and the pronouns referring to God.
We who are all sons of God and brothers in Him one to another—are called upon to form one single large family.

3. For proper nouns and the other parts of speech formed from them.
Bengal; Johnson; Chevrolet; Londoner; Yorkshireman.

4. For the names of sects and parties.
Buddhist, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Hindu, Muslim, Conservative.

5. For interjections and the pronoun I.
He cried saying ‘O, what shall I do?’

6. For titles of books, poems, stories, etc.
From the Mahabharata lo Paradise Lost is a long measure of human life.

7. For emphasis.
These things are sacred : Tradition, Progress, Association.

8. For common nouns personified.
She comes not when Night is on the roses.

Sinhala / Sinhalese Lesson.

# To say that “I/We have omitted something” or “Going in the same manner".

# Three dots (...) used from the beginning or the end, and four dots (....) used in the middle of a sentence or a paragraph to show that something has been left out deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without it / them.

# “An oblique line (/) used in writing to separate words, numbers, or letters.”

# “A angled mark (/) used typically to denote "or" (as in and/or), "and or" (as in straggler/deserter), or "per" (as in feet/second)”

Quotation Marks or Inverted Commas are used to enclose spoken words in a sentence. They may be double “ ” or single ‘ ’

He was going out to dinner that day but asked to be excused on account of ‘the death of a dear old friend’. ‘Well, Hardy,’ said Nelson, ‘how goes the day with us?’ ‘Very well,’ replied Hardy.
‘I hope,’ said Nelson, ‘none of our ships have struck?’ Hardy answered that there was no fear of that.

# If one set of spoken words is enclosed in another the first and last quotation marks should be double, and the inner ones single.

‘What did mother say to you?’
“What did mother say to you?”

“She said: ‘Be careful not to catch cold.’ ”

Brackets are used to mark off from a main sentence a group of words which add an explanation or make a correction.

His look seemed weighted down by the long years in which he had served (and saved) his country.

When winter’s evenings fall early (sitting at her spinning wheel) she bids defiance to the giddy wheel of fortune.

Everyone taking a sherd (a piece of earthenware) wrote upon it the name of the citizen he wished to be banished.

The Dash is a longer line than a hyphen. It is used when a repetition or explanation or qualification of a previous statement is made.

I can do no more to comfort you than to tell you that he died as he lived, a brave, true man — the best of comrades and staunchest of friends.

The dash is also used to indicate a break in thought, or to introduce some important words.

Have you read — but, what I am most interested about, is your sister with you, and is she well and happy?
Remember what Simonides said — that he was never sorry that he had held his tongue, but often that he had spoken.

Sometimes dashes are used instead of brackets.

My friend — the one I told you about yesterday — will be here tomorrow.

The Hyphen is a short dash used to join two words into a compound word.

Railway-station, hand-bill, shoe-lace, vice-chancellor, dog-biscuit, match-box, left-handed, under-sized, narrow-minded, open-hearted, book-case, re-arrange, pell-mell, …

It is also used to divide a word of more than one syllable at the end of a line. A word of only one syllable must not be divided.

The Apostrophe is used to denote the possessive case of nouns.

Here is a lock of Arthur’s hair.

Have you read Prof. Nalin de Silva’s latest speech?

# It is used to show that a letter has been left out.

Don’t try, if you can’t do it.

You shouldn’t talk like that.

She’s done it and it’s not fair.

“{'s
1. Is: She's here.
2. Has: He's arrived.
3. Does: What's he want?
4. Us: Let's go.}”

# It is used to mark the plural of figures and letters.

You should mind your P’s and Q’s (Be careful what you say or do).

You don’t make a clear distinction between your p's and q's.

These 5’s are written in a different hand from the 3’s.

The Colon is used to separate two parts of a sentence, when the first part is complete in itself, and the second part adds some statement relative to the first part in meaning.

You work ten or twelve hours a day: How can you find time to educate yourselves?

There are two worlds : The world we can measure with the line and rule, and the world we feel with our hearts and imagination.

# The Colon is now frequently used to introduce a quotation.

He looked at me, and remained silent, and then said in a low, husky voice: ‘My little daughter died last night. ’

# Sometimes a dash is written after a colon.

The three fountains of learning are :— Seeing much, suffering much, studying much.

The Semicolon is used to denote a longer pause than a comma signifies. Sometimes it marks emphasis.

Do not say I; say we.

Personal liberty; liberty of movement; liberty of religious belief; liberty to express your opinion, liberty of association: these are things no one may take from you.

# The Semicolon is frequently used in enumeration of particulars.

He worked hard; he was always truthful; he was never absent from duty; he always behaved as a gentleman should.

# In general, the Semicolon is used to separate longer groups of words which forms parts of a paragraph.

In whatever land you be, wherever a man is fighting for right, for justice, for truth, there is your brother; wherever a man suffers through the oppression of error, of injustice, of tyranny, there is your brother.

The Comma is the most frequent of punctuation marks. It is used to indicate the shortest pause made in speaking or reading aloud.

The Uses of the Comma.

The Comma is used:—

I. To separate the verb and the nominative of address:

Come here, John, at once.

2. To separate three or more words of the same part of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs or verbs):

Roses may be white, pink, crimson or yellow.

3. To separate words or phrases of the same class used in pairs as:

High and low, rich and poor, young and old, all have their duties to their motherland.

4. To separate words or phrases in apposition:

Caesar, the great Roman general, was murdered by his political opponents.

5. After a nominative absolute:

The gate of the fort having been shattered, the enemy swarmed in.

6. To separate words and phrases like well, however, besides, indeed, on the whole, at last, moreover:

Well, you are right in this case.

I am not, indeed, sorry for your failure.

7. To separate the direct speech from the reporting verb:

‘No’, said he, ‘I never did anything of the kind.’

8. To separate a participial phrase from a main sentence:

Walking in the garden, I saw many lovely flowers.

9. To separate co-ordinate clauses in a compound sentence:

The sea was rough and stormy, but the ship reached her destination.

10. To separate an adverb clause in a complex sentence:

Though he made repeated attempts to swim the channel, he was always beaten back.

Insert commas in the proper places in the following sentences, and give your reasons in each case:—

1. I came I saw I conquered.

2. It was a cold dry foggy dismal morning in early spring.

3. Mary come here I have something to say to you.

4. We eat to live we do not live to eat.

5. Well if he does say so what does it matter?

6. However if you behave yourself I will let you go.

7. Have several pencils ready sharpened so that you will not have to stop writing.

8. I went one way he another.

9. He was of medium height rather stout sunburnt with a grey moustache a ready smile and trusty eyes.

10. Your English on the whole is not bad.

The Interrogative Mark or Note of Interrogation (Interrogation Point / Question Mark) is used after a word or a sentence asking a question.

What’s that got to do with it?

How do you spell magnificent?

The Interrogative Mark is not used:—

(a) After a polite request:

Will you please pass the sugar.

Would you mind posting this.

(b) When a question is asked in an indirect manner:

I asked him who his doctor was.

He wanted to know when he might go.